Summary of Significant Accounting Policies |
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| Significant Accounting Policies [Text Block] |
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation and Principles of Consolidation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its subsidiary, EyeGate Pharma, wholly-owned subsequent to the IPO, and majority owned prior to the IPO, collectively referred to as the Company. The interests in EyeGate Pharma not owned by the Company prior to the IPO are reported in the consolidated balance sheet as of December 31, 2014 as non-controlling interests, a component of temporary equity, and the interest in the earnings or loss of the subsidiary not attributable to the Company prior to the IPO are reported as net income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interests in the consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive loss. Non-controlling interests represents the cumulative portion of equity and operating results of the portion of the subsidiaries not owned by the Company. The non-controlling interests were convertible into shares of the Company’s convertible preferred stock (see Note 7) which were classified as temporary equity from January 1, 2015 through the date of the IPO, and at December 31, 2014 on the consolidated balance sheet, and accordingly, the non-controlling interests are also classified as temporary equity on the consolidated balance sheet. All inter-company balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”).
Use of Estimates
The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make significant estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, at the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and assumptions are required in providing for fair value of warrants, establishing useful lives of intangible assets and property and equipment, and conducting impairment reviews of long-lived assets. The Company bases its estimates on historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Although the Company regularly assesses these estimates, actual results could differ materially from these estimates. Changes in estimates are recorded in the period in which they become known.
Foreign Currency Translation
Operations of EyeGate Pharma are conducted in euros which represent its functional currency. Balance sheet accounts of such subsidiary were translated into U.S. dollars at the exchange rate in effect at the balance sheet date and income statement accounts were translated to the average rate of exchange prevailing during the period. Translation adjustments resulting from this process, are included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) on the consolidated balance sheets.
Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The Company considers all highly liquid investments purchased with maturity of 90 days or less when acquired that are not restricted as to withdrawal, to be the equivalent of cash for the purpose of balance sheet and statement of cash flows presentation. Cash equivalents, which were nominal in amount, consisted of money market accounts that are readily convertible to cash. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the Company has classified $20,000 and $0 as restricted cash respectively.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is provided for on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of 3 to 7 years for all assets. Maintenance and repair costs are expensed as incurred. The Company reviews its property and equipment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of certain assets might not be recoverable, and recognizes an impairment loss when it is probable that the estimated cash flows are less than the carrying value of the asset.
Impairment of Long-Lived Assets
The Company evaluates potential impairment of long-lived assets and long-lived assets to be disposed of and considers whether long-lived assets held for use have been impaired whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amount may not be recoverable. Management makes significant estimates and assumptions regarding future sales, cost trends, productivity and market maturity in order to test for impairment. Management reports those long-lived assets to be disposed of and assets held for sale at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell. Based on current facts, estimates and assumptions, management believes that no assets are impaired at December 31, 2015. There is no assurance that management’s estimates and assumptions will not change in future periods.
Research and Development Expenses
Research and development expenditures are expensed as incurred. Research and development expenses are comprised of costs incurred in performing research and development activities, including salaries, benefits, facilities, research-related overhead, sponsored research costs, contracted services, license fees, and other external costs. Because the Company believes that, under its current process for developing its product, viability of the product is essentially concurrent with the establishment of technological feasibility, no costs have been capitalized to date.
Accrued Clinical Expenses
As part of our process of preparing the consolidated financial statements, the Company is required to estimate its accrued expenses. This process includes reviewing open contracts and purchase orders, communicating with its applicable personnel to identify services that have been performed on its behalf and estimating the level of service performed and the associated costs incurred for the service when the Company has not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual costs. The majority of the Company’s service providers invoice monthly in arrears for services performed. The Company makes estimates of its accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in the financial statements based on facts and circumstances known at the time. The Company periodically confirms the accuracy of these estimates with the service providers and makes adjustments if necessary.
Income Taxes
The Company provides deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been recognized in the Company’s financial statements or tax returns. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of the assets and liabilities using the enacted tax rates in effect in the years in which the differences are expected to reverse. A valuation allowance against deferred tax assets is recorded if, based on the weight of available evidence, it is more likely than not that some or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized.
The Company recognizes the impact of an uncertain tax position in the financial statements if that position is more likely than not of being sustained by the taxing authority. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had no unrecognized uncertain tax positions.
Refundable Tax Credits for Research and Development
EyeGate Pharma is entitled to receive refundable tax credits associated with its research and development expenses in France. These tax credits can be realized, upon request of the Company, in the form of a cash payment or credits against tax liabilities. The Company records the refundable tax credit as income in the year in which the research and development expenses are incurred.
In-process research and development We record expense for in-process research and development projects acquired as asset acquisitions which have not reached technological feasibility and which have no alternative future use. For in-process research and development projects acquired in business combinations, the in-process research and development project is capitalized and evaluated for impairment until the development process has been completed. Once the development process has been completed the asset will be amortized over its remaining useful life. Sale of Stock by the Subsidiary
The Company is largely dependent on obtaining financing to generate sufficient cash to cover operating costs. Through 2011, EyeGate Pharma, periodically issued preferred shares in exchange for U.S. dollar proceeds. At December 31, 2014, these shares represented a 49.99% non-controlling interest in the subsidiary, which reduced the Company’s ownership interest in the subsidiary to 50.01%. The Company accounts for sale of stock by the subsidiary (of which there were no such sales in 2015 and 2014) as an equity transaction by recording the carrying value of the percentage of the equity sold as an increase in the non-controlling interest, with any excess proceeds representing a gain to the Company recorded to additional paid-in capital. On February 13, 2015, the Company exchanged shares of its common stock for the 49.99% non-controlling interest upon the consummation of the IPO.
Concentration of Credit Risk and Off-Balance-Sheet Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents. The Company invests cash in accredited financial institutions and cash equivalents in widely held money market funds. Consequently, such funds are subject to minimal credit risk.
The Company has no significant off-balance-sheet risk such as foreign exchange contracts, option contracts, or other foreign hedging arrangements.
Comprehensive Income (Loss)
Comprehensive income (loss) is defined as the change in stockholders’ equity during a period from transactions, and other events and circumstances from non-owner sources. The foreign currency translation adjustments (see above) are the Company’s only component of other comprehensive income (loss).
Stock-Based Compensation
Stock-based compensation represents the cost related to stock-based awards granted to employees and others. The Company measures stock-based compensation cost to employees at grant date, based on the estimated fair value of the award, and recognizes the cost as expense on a straight-line basis (net of estimated forfeitures) over the employee requisite service period. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options using a Black-Scholes valuation model. The Company recognizes compensation expense for non-employee stock option grants at the fair value of the goods or services received or the equity instruments issued, whichever is more reliably measurable. The Company recorded compensation expense for non-employee awards with graded vesting using the accelerated expense attribution method.
The Company records deferred tax assets for awards that result in deductions on the Company’s income tax returns, based on the amount of compensation expenses recognized and the Company’s statutory tax rate in the jurisdiction in which it will receive a deduction. Differences between the deferred tax assets recognized for financial reporting purposes and the actual tax benefit realized on the Company’s income tax return are recorded in additional paid-in capital if the tax benefit exceeds the deferred tax asset, or in the consolidated statements of operations if the deferred tax asset exceeds the tax benefit and no additional paid-in capital exists from previous awards.
Net Loss per Share
Basic and diluted net loss per common share is based on the weighted average number of shares outstanding common stock.
In computing diluted loss per share, no effect has been given to the common shares issuable upon conversion or exercise of the following dilutive securities as the Company’s net loss would make the effect anti-dilutive.
At December 31, 2014, the above table includes shares issuable upon warrants issued to note holders or upon conversion of promissory notes on February 13, 2015. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying amounts of receivables and payables approximate their fair values due to the short-term nature of these financial instruments. As of December 31, 2015 and 2014, the fair value of the Company’s money market funds was $7,200,450 and $187, respectively.
Fair value of financial and non-financial assets and liabilities is defined as an exit price, representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The three-tier hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value, which prioritizes the inputs used in the methodologies of measuring fair value for assets and liabilities, is as follows:
Level 1 - Quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 - Observable inputs other than quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities
Level 3 - No observable pricing inputs in the market
The following table represents the fair value of the warrant liability measured at fair value on a recurring basis:
The following are the changes in the level 3 warrant liability for the year ended December 31, 2015:
On February 13, 2015, the warrant liability was settled upon the consummation of the IPO.
Deferred issuance costs
Deferred public offering costs, which primarily consist of direct, incremental legal and accounting fees relating to the Company’s initial public offering, are capitalized within deferred issuance costs. The deferred issuance costs were offset against IPO proceeds upon the consummation of the offering in February 2015. The Company had incurred approximately $1,149,000 in initial public offering costs as of December 31, 2014. As of December 31, 2015, there are no deferred issuance costs.
Revenue Recognition
The Company follows Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2009-13, Multiple-Deliverable Revenue Arrangements and ASU 2010-17, Revenue Recognition-Milestone Method in connection with its accounting for collaboration arrangements.
The Company’s revenues are generated primarily through arrangements which generally contain multiple elements, or deliverables, including licenses and research and development activities to be performed by the Company on behalf of the licensee. Payments to EyeGate under these arrangements typically include one or more of the following: (1) nonrefundable, upfront license fees, (2) funding of discovery research efforts on a full-time equivalent (“FTE”) basis, (3) reimbursement of research, development and intellectual property costs, (4) milestone payments, and (5) royalties on future product sales.
When evaluating multiple element arrangements, the Company considers whether the deliverables under the arrangement represent separate units of accounting. This evaluation requires subjective determinations and requires management to make judgments about the individual deliverables and whether such deliverables are separable from the other aspects of the contractual relationship. In determining the units of accounting, management evaluates certain criteria, including whether the deliverables have standalone value, based on the consideration of the relevant facts and circumstances for each arrangement. The consideration received is allocated among the separate units of accounting using the relative selling price method, and the applicable revenue recognition criteria are applied to each of the separate units.
The Company generally recognizes revenue attributed to the license on a straight-line basis over the Company’s contractual or estimated performance period, which is typically the term of the Company’s research and development obligations. If management cannot reasonably estimate when the Company’s performance obligation ends, then revenue is deferred until management can reasonably estimate when the performance obligation ends. The periods over which revenue should be recognized are subject to estimates by management and may change over the course of the research and development agreement. Such a change could have a material impact on the amount of revenue the Company records in future periods. At the inception of arrangements that include milestone payments, the Company evaluates whether each milestone is substantive and at risk to both parties on the basis of the contingent nature of the milestone. This evaluation includes an assessment of whether (a) the consideration is commensurate with either (1) the entity’s performance to achieve the milestone, or (2) the enhancement of the value of the delivered item(s) as a result of a specific outcome resulting from the entity’s performance to achieve the milestone, (b) the consideration relates solely to past performance, and (c) the consideration is reasonable relative to all of the deliverables and payment terms within the arrangement. The Company evaluates factors such as the scientific, regulatory, commercial and other risks that must be overcome to achieve the respective milestone, the level of effort and investment required to achieve the respective milestone and whether the milestone consideration is reasonable relative to all deliverables and payment terms in the arrangement in making this assessment. The Company has concluded that the clinical and development and regulatory milestones pursuant to its research and development arrangements are substantive.
The Company aggregates its milestones into four categories: (i) clinical and development milestones, (ii) chemistry, manufacturing and control “CMC” validation, (iii) regulatory milestones, and (iv) commercial milestones. Clinical and development milestones are typically achieved when a product candidate advances into a defined phase of clinical research or completes such phase or when a contractually specified clinical trial enrollment target is attained. CMC validation milestones are typically achieved when the validation paperwork is finalized. Regulatory milestones are typically achieved upon acceptance of the submission for marketing approval of a product candidate or upon approval to market the product candidate by the FDA or other global regulatory authorities. For example, a milestone payment may be due to the Company upon the FDA’s acceptance of an NDA. Commercial milestones are typically achieved when an approved pharmaceutical product reaches certain defined levels of net sales by the licensee, such as when a product first achieves global sales or annual sales of a specified amount.
Revenues from clinical and development, CMC and regulatory milestone payments, if the milestones are deemed substantive and the milestone payments are nonrefundable, are recognized upon successful accomplishment of the milestones. Revenues from commercial milestone payments are accounted for as royalties and are recorded as revenue upon achievement of the milestone, assuming all other revenue recognition criteria are met.
Payments or reimbursements resulting from the Company’s research and development efforts are recognized as the services are performed and are presented on a gross basis so long as there is persuasive evidence of an arrangement, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collection of the related receivable is reasonably assured. Amounts received prior to satisfying the above revenue recognition criteria are recorded as deferred revenue in the balance sheet.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) 2014-09 Revenue from Contracts with Customers . This ASU provides a robust framework for addressing revenue issues. The core principle contained in ASU 2014-09 is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods and services. This pronouncement will be effective for public entities for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, including interim periods within that reporting period. During July 2015, the FASB approved the postponement of the effective date by one year. The Company will evaluate the impact of this ASU at such time as it begins to earn revenue.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, “Presentation of Financial Statements - Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern” (“ASU 2014-15”). ASU 2014-15 is intended to define management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. Specifically, ASU 2014-15 provides a definition of the term substantial doubt and requires an assessment for a period of one year after the date that the financial statements are issued (or available to be issued). It also requires certain disclosures when substantial doubt is alleviated as a result of consideration of management’s plans and requires an express statement and other disclosures when substantial doubt is not alleviated. The new standard will be effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016, with early adoption permitted. Management is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASU 2014-15 on our financial statements and disclosures.
On September 25, 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-16, Business Combinations (Topic 805): Simplifying the Accounting for Measurement-Period Adjustments. ASU 2015-16 requires an acquirer to disclose the nature and amount of measurement period adjustments. The measurement period begins on the acquisition date and ends on the date the information was received, but may not extend beyond one year after the acquisition date. The financial statements should contain the effect on earnings of changes in depreciation, amortization or other income effects calculated as if the accounting had been completed at the acquisition date. The financial statements should also separately present on the face of the income statement, or disclose in the footnotes, the amount of adjustments recorded in the current period by line item that would have been recorded in prior periods had the adjustment been made at the date of acquisition. The new standard is effective for interim and annual periods after December, 15, 2015. Management is currently evaluating the impact of the ASU 2015-16 on our financial statements and disclosures. In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases, which is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those years, beginning after December 15, 2018 with early adoption permitted. Under ASU 2016-02, lessees will be required to recognize for all leases at the commencement date a lease liability, which is a lessee’s obligation to make lease payments arising from a lease measured on a discounted basis, and a right-to-use assets, which is an asset that represents the lessee’s right to use or control the use of a specified asset for the lease term. The Company is currently evaluating the effect that the new guidance will have on its financial statements and related disclosures.
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